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Media X connects businesses with Stanford University's world-renowned faculty to study new ways for people in technology to intersect that's what we do you're getting a sense today as you
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hear presentations about a couple of things one is the thought leaders at Stanford are themselves multidisciplinary interdisciplinary in their perspectives another is that the
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fundamental insights that are studied and our research programs are applicable across a wide variety of circumstances and I think this morning and over the
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noon hour you heard some hints of how issues like user experience social intelligence marketplace functions do in fact have application they may those
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findings may come out of an educational context but those people in which they apply are also buying products and enjoying entertainment and so many of the findings are transferable across the
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fields now in the next two presentations you're going to hear some very interesting perspectives that have a an interesting history that goes back maybe 15 years ago or so when byron Reeves and
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Terry Winograd made a trip together to Microsoft to talk to them about a concept called the user experience there
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was a time when that was new now one of the other pieces of magic of media acts is the way that graduate students and postdocs working with an any number of thought leaders across the entire campus
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because it is a small school it's a big name it's a big campus but it's actually a small school 17,000 students more of them are graduate than undergraduate and
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access that students have to going across campus to talk with another professor the sense of openness because we do research in an open research way
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of being able to cross-fertilize ideas a lot has happened since that early for a to Microsoft but at that time and still the human part of the CH I the computer
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human interaction is key to what Professor Winograd does and the computational aspects of human communication are key to what Professor
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Reeves does you're going to hear two sides of the coin I think as it may have traveled some distance and many research projects over the years
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first up Terry Winograd okay Thank You Martha so great to be here one of the nice things about being at this kind of an anniversary event is that it gives you a
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chance to look forward and also a chance to look back and see where things have come and I decided to talk really far back you really go back and look at the whole history of how people interact
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with computers if you look at this title filling the agency H I you may say what's CH I always thought it was HCI I thought it was human computer humans
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first and the reason for that is this talk would just derive from talk I gave at when I got an award from the special interest group on CAI Zhi that's part of
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the Association for Computing Machinery notice two things there it's the Association for Computing Machinery it's the biggest computer professional organization and it seems like it's for the machines not for us and back many
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years ago 30 years ago they named their group computer-human interaction so that I stuck with that order and what you'll see as I do this talk is that
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in some sense I mean being here I'm really preaching to the choir that is if you look at what I've done is try to intersperse some references to show that this progression of concerns that has
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led to looking at how the human fits into the computer human interaction really is completely mirrored in the variety of research here at Media X I've
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included as examples things from today's speakers so the obvious point you should take is there's lots more going on lots of other people I could have named if I looked at media X more broadly I think that that just gave us a good
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cross-section to work from try this one oh I see it okay computer human interaction so this was the first computer human interaction who
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knows what that machine is obviously historians are some old people here right that was Babbage's engine that is not Babbage turning the crank those of you know Babbage was probably before not
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quite before a photography but they didn't get color pictures of him it's actually getting Doron Swade at the Science Museum in London who is working with a replica of that original machine so the earliest human-computer
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interaction are close to the earliest you might say was was turning the crank this is somewhat more recent so this is now moving already to the 1950s the early universe somebody know who the
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programmer is there grace Murray hopper who is credited with being one of the if not the first programmers she was actually a name became an admiral in the Navy
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and in those days what it meant to interact with a computer was really hands-on right you got there in the front of it you clicked the dials you pushed the buttons and that's how you interacted with a computer going on a
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little farther notice will be very fast through the first few decades here this is a mainframe from 60s the computer was this big thing in a glass cage somewhere in the basement of
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your building with people in white shirts and ties who took care of it fed things to it and the way you interacted with it was how many of you have actually used either of these input-output media okay this is a pretty
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old audience when I came to Stanford the probe first programming course I taught here students punched decks of cards and the card punch took them over to the computer center they got run they got their printouts okay that might before
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that my first experience if you look here on the bottom and we recognize that one paper tape punch paper tape my first use of computers this is now back in the early 60s was this machine which
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surprisingly enough was made by controlled data now those of you who know computing companies in general think of control data as Seymour Cray building huge supercomputers which it was but they actually built this thing
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called the 160 which was a genuinely personal computer the scale is what it looks like that is a desk right so you put your feet under the middle it's got Brewers on the sides and the computer
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has the input/output device it can do output on those tubes and the top but it also can read and punch paper tapes all right so that tape you so I'm gonna go you punch holes in it on something
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called a flexor writer you put it in and run it through my first one of my very first lessons in computing was a very hot day there was a fan sitting behind the computer and I managed to take my
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entire program and run it through the paper tape reader writing to the fan so the interaction of bits and atoms from the being so moving slightly forward
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okay they gave him the point where people were one step detached from the machine you weren't sitting in front of the machine you were actually typing on some kind of an i/o device in this case an early
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teletype machine person you see here again anybody know I always do these quizzes for computer histories Jill Weizenbaum who will talk about his program Eliza in a minute at MIT back in the again
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still in the 60s and then came the revolution right here in Silicon Valley place called Xerox PARC right down the road from here and what machine was this
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the alto this the Altos this is the alto actually I think not the star so the alto was the predecessor of the star and all of it what's amazing is if you look at human-computer interaction from turning the crank up through the
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cards it was all this sort of you put a bunch of abstract stuff into the machine and then somehow later a bunch of abstract stuff came out the real shift was the graphical user interface and
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what's surprising if you look at this picture is it's not that different from what you have on your PC today I mean there are a lot of details that are different but the basic mode of interaction the use of the mouse the use
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of the screen the opening and closing a windows and all that kind of stuff has persisted for when is that now thirty years as a major way of interacting with a computer until
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Mobile's right that's shifted it at about that same time there was a different vision of computers not quite the personal computer again quick quiz somebody knows somebody knows Doug
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Engelbart at SR I who this is a picture from what is often called the mother of all demos in 1967 he did this extremely big demo he was in San Francisco he was
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connected remotely to computers in Menlo Park at SR I which was a big deal in those days there was video there was Skype right it wasn't exactly Skype but he was there and he was and there were so many min Lowe Parker you could see
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him both on the screen there was ability to jointly interactively edit things move them around so the other part of what we think of as the computer interface we use today was also being
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done by the 60s right by so the combination actually of the alto and what Engelbart did the NLS system really are the sort of heart of how we
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think of computing today now as I said that's been shifted but again I'm you know I'm old so I like to point out the early things that got done anybody recognize this see big buddhist
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computing from Xerox PARC again this is back in the early 80s Mark Weiser who's the fella sitting at the desk with the suspenders unfortunately died very young but he had the idea that you should do computing by the inch the foot and the
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yard and they developed three devices the one on the top which is by the inch was the part tab the foot was a now you
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look at all those and you say well of course right now I've got things in my pocket that look like a thing on the top and I just brought an iPad or a Nexus or something it looks like I think in the middle right now I'm not claiming it did
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everything those do but I think that even at that point there was this understanding that people were going to interact with computers sometimes they wanted to work together in a group but
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it music and that we needed to develop interaction techniques that worked across that whole spectrum of things I worked on a project called the interactive room where and you'll see sort of scattered around on the table
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and on the walls and stuff is a mixture of different sized interfaces and the idea was could you integrate those could you have something which basically flowed from one to the other without your having to say okay let me go to
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work do this work over here and then we'll start again over there that's still a goal anything if you look around today there things are approaching that much more but we're still far from having a really integrated environment
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now that was my two minute whiz-bang tour through the computer side of computer-human interaction moved from very indirect methods to very hands-on
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methods to multiple devices now over that time I would say the bigger change has not been so much in the devices as the way we think about what it is that people are doing when they interact with computers so let's start with a simple
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quad what is a human and here's one answer right the human is a physical body human has embodiment as arms has legs as eyes
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and everything we do and human-computer interaction is in some sense governed by that maybe brain interfaces in the future won't be but right now everything we do is taking advantage of or making
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use of some of those if you go back and look in the pre-computer engineering world people did what was called human factors right so this is from a book by
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Dreyfuss back on design from the 40s 50s 55 and you could actually measure how much could a person lift how big to
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their arm be how big should the chair be so that it fits under them so it was fitting the physical properties of the computer to the physical properties of the human so that's one aspect I think
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an interesting way and you've seen this today the fact lunch speech talked a lot about how computing relates to our physical bodies right in medicine and the stuff Oberon is doing if you look at Jeremy bailenson and the work on virtual
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reality his study is what are the impacts of physical embodiment how is it different when you actually walk around physically and do things in a virtual world versus piloting on the screen with
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with a mouse and there's no question that physicality makes a big difference understanding how to make use of that and understanding what the differences are is of course a great area of study nema is giving a talk or gave a talk and
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he's looking at things like calming technologies a little more related to the lunch talk how does kind of technologies affect things like your breathing your blood pressure so I think one of the ongoing concerns that we're
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never gonna get rid of we are not I mean unless you really believe in the matrix as our future or something but we are always going to be asking the question of how does the computing relate to our bodies now here's a different track who
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is this guy Alan Torrie right so it's sort of a cheat because you can see the title there right so Turing back early in the
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50s who's of course if you want computer history he was one of the real originators of the conceptual mathematics of computing but he posed a question about what would it mean for a
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machine to be intelligent and in that he basically said we are a thinking machine or we could be thought of that could you build a machine that had the same intelligence the answer
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who knows who this guy is right Hal 9000 right if you haven't seen 2001 it's still an interesting film though slower than today's films how was a malevolent
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but highly intelligent computer that sort of passed the Turing test as that's called which is you would interact with it just in the same way you would interact with a person in this case to
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an extreme so one of the things that made how one of the things that is in common between Touring's test and how is forgetting the body Turing test wasn't
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about robots it said you're talking on a teletype the person the thing on the other end is either a computer err person talking a teletype and you don't get to see anything about the body you just get to see the language that goes back and forth how was a disembodied red
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light right nobody that you can see but how hot like a person so if you take that view what you want to say as a human is something is the kind of being that can produce and understand language
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so I said earlier I was going to mention eliza again quick call how many of you seen some form of eliza pretty much everybody right so this is back in the 50s Joe why isn't mom wrote a program
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which by today's standards is extremely imitate you know a freshman a few hours to write the app right it's not not a complex program but at the time it totally surprised people that a computer
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could hold a conversation with them so you take in you were like my father in some way analyzed Tice back what resemblance do you see now you might think that takes intelligence what you learned from Eliza is there was a piece of program which
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said if you see the word like then type back what resemblance do you see it doesn't matter so if you said please like my fake books to a page it would say what was influenced do you see right it
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wasn't subtle about understanding meaning it was able to trigger on certain words so if you say something about mother or father it immediately says tell me more about your language tell me more about your family sorry so if you said my friend's mother is coming
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to visit it would say tell me more about your family notice the genius of wiesen balance program was to pretend that was a psychotherapist if you're an ordinary
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conversation with a friend and you said my friend's mother is coming to visit and the friend said tell me more about your family when your therapist says that you say oh yeah his mother's coming
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to visit and I'm sure it's triggering all sorts of things at me emotionally about my mother and the dantana isn't that smart so by pretending to be a physical therapist it got away with
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these extremely simple heuristics got people really involved I mean there are stories of people who really the famous story as a secretary was trying it out and said please leave the room this is
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too personal so and again are you all seeing things like this we cliff thought this morning sort of how these things can replace real social interaction okay
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this is closer to home this is a screenshot from program that I did back in the early 70s called shirt blue and this program used language in a more substantive way in that it tried to
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actually understand what you were saying and do what you said or ask questions or answer questions that were relevant so it had this simulated world on the screen you said you typed in the person typed in pick up a big red block and it
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actually moved the stuff around on the screen corresponding to that in a fairly subtle way so if the big red block happened to be under way no color screens in those days right so if you look carefully you see there's a little ledge
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with colors and it's the big red block had something on top of it it would move the thing out of the way and so on it was based on a planning system actually I just saw earlier where's Carl Carl cue
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it over there was a co-conspirator at Mata I live in those days if the language called planner and it used a version of planner to figure out that it needed to move the block and pick it up
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and so on so I wrote a dissertation it was published as a book and it really caught people by surprise partly because it was able to put context into
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understanding so if you say pick up a big red block and then put another one on the table another one isn't the kind of thing that you can figure out what it means out of context it only makes sense if you've just done something you know
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mean another red block or maybe another block and it had a whole bunch of heuristics built into the program to try to use what had gone before to understand what was being said now that's a key part of language understanding it didn't in a very
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primitive way but nevertheless it was able to do some of that I think I can't resist including this one because it shows Marvin Minsky Guyana left to as my
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advisor led the MIT back in the history that you can interact with but of course that had a screen and you could really do things like that that simulation
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well what about media X Media X is tightly in twined with an organization called C SLI the Center for the study of language information which has been doing work in this area really leading
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the field in this area for many many years for decades I was involved with it when it first started somebody here can tell me the date I've forgotten but and so I think this view this sort of natural language as human view is
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something that's been at the heart of research in media X and its environment its predecessors okay so what else is a person this is a picture from card Moran
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and Newell's book on the psychology of human informs our human information psychology of human-computer interaction this guy is affectionately known in the field as bubble head and if you look
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carefully and you probably can't see it on the slide the bubble head has a whole series of particular capacities for example a short term memory this was based on the fact that in the early 50s
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mid to late mid to late 50s psychologists realized that much of what went on in human psychology was related to computer information processing not surprising it happened along when computers are becoming common so George
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Miller who recently died was famous psychologist who did a study the paper was called the magic number 7 plus or minus 2 I'm sure most of you run across it I'll do the two-second version of it repeat back after me the following
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numbers six four OH three five two one seven nine eight four six three five oh two seven one six five four three eight seven six okay now what's funny about
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that is you would expect some kind of a broad distribution of how many numbers you're going to be back turns out that for most people not all but most people there is just this cutoff somewhere around seven plus or minus two between five and nine before
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that it's easy after that it's impossible it's not like you know gradually gets harder or whatever it is so if you think metaphorically you say oh there's something in my head that's like a buffer right if you're at a computer system and you have a buffer
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that contains 12 bytes if you give it 13 bytes it fails right but you get 8 bytes it's fine it fits right so these metaphors that things in the head work like things that you've used on
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computers bits bytes about buffers channels and so on became a dominant way of thinking about what the human is the human is an information processor and there were various things that led were
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led from this problem solving decision making a variety of fields within artificial intelligence that basically took the human information processor as the basic element now this morning we
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heard Anthony and Roy and in both cases they are looking at ways in which you can understand what's going on in the mind going on in the brain in terms of the information
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processing so the information processing view of humans is something which has been prepare amount in artificial intelligence in cognitive psychology and a lot of other work here at Media X I'm just I said picking on the ones who are
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here today ok this is a fellow who showed up in a previous slide Bangla Bart this is engineers working on the augment system which he built back in
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the 60s as you may know engineering dress codes have changed over the years he really pioneered a very different view of computing he said let's not look at the individual let's not just look at
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a person as somebody who thinks somebody who moves let's look at a person as a member of a larger collective they're part of a work organization and when we think about what how we want to compute think about how you can use the computer
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to facilitate to augment that work that collective work this is another piece of work I did back many years ago on was with Fernando Flores in which we were looking at how do you keep track of
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within interpersonal international activities where things stand and what's going on I'm not gonna go into depth there but the basic point is a human is a person not isolated but part of an
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organization that as an organization is trying to get things done as an organization makes commitments and gets so today you certainly heard talk about that talk about Pam about creativity in groups what happens when you're part of
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an organization that is trying to do creative work and Renata who has been developing technologies for this for group work for many many years and evolving them in the light of
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different kinds of technologies to become available ok I've got a couple more here anybody recognize this this is a real obscure one notice that it's
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written in a font it's not a standard you know computer font from the research character generator that was done at Xerox PARC
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back in the early 70s Alan Kay had the the ideas from the Dinah book and worked with a variety of people there and the point was at that time people mostly thought of computers in terms of
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producing numerical scientific results if you said well you use a computer just to write papers and read books it was crazy computer they're way too expensive rate too clumsy you know you don't curl up with one of those big machines like you
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do with a Kindle so there was a sort of a vision that computers were really not about computing but about information I was part of something called the Stanford digital libraries project this
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is back in the 90s and early 2000 where we took this whole information question and said how can you create a ecology of different kinds of sources of
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information different kinds of users of information different kinds of processes of information and put them all together now I will confess this was conceived and put into motion just before the web
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became popular okay so what we were thinking I mean in principle I could say oh this was the web but it was a different set of protocols at different set of technologies aiming the same direction but in some sense replaced
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dramatically by the web when it came along one of our projects we had a couple of grad students unfortunately they never finished their PhDs who decided to go off and start a search
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engine company you probably know what happened there so the point here is that you're looking at people not in terms of what their mind is or what they're doing but in terms of their information
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activities okay I took the word inform of or like you have a carnivore right they eat information you have to understand that ecology of how they use information again part of the stuff you heard this morning John Willis he wasn't
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here but his students talking about how you create access to information okay moving on probably nobody will recognize this this was the first chili
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cook-off of the well community how do you believe heard of the well okay good the well was the online community before they were online communities I have started in the 80s John Cote who you see the photo credit
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was he called himself the innkeeper of the well and it was a group of people who got together and socialized in some sense on the internet now in those days
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it was all text it wasn't the web but it was networked connection through technology through computers and then they supplemented it by actually getting together and having dinners there's a very interesting point there which cliff
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made this morning right which is what is the relationship between the kind of things you can do socially on a network by detached people and the role of actually getting together face to face and eating together right which is a
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historically for Billy millions of years way that people have social interactions today we have social networks this is not intended to be looked at carefully but just say yeah yeah they're big and
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complicated right a lot of people studying what goes on in social networks and what goes on there is a wide variety of things so this is I put this together for talk a while back when Ashton Kutcher was competing with I believe
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Oprah to see who would get the most followers on Twitter but how much love you got right this really echoes the bar the Barney story from this morning right
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that is it's using these social networks as a way to create social connections so from this view a person is not a body is not an isolated thinker is not just
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getting work done but is a being in a social space and what we want to support in interaction with computers is that social space okay and that's what's been happening in tremendous terms that's the
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phase we are in now right that's where it's at yeah there's a great cover in the Technology Review with them I think was Buzz Aldrin one of the early astronauts and they said you promised me Mars colony and I got Facebook
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right and that's what happened right the high tech is you know because of course it always moves where the money is has produced as incredible up swelling up surging of different possibilities
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different ideas different ways of using computers for social interaction so cliff talked about this Byron's going to talk about various kinds of social interactions social networks Michael Bernstein is a new faculty member here
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usually definitely get to know him looks at social networks Martha's talked a lot about it social identity what is my identity as a person in a network and that's relevant
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to education so now as a last segment I want to look at meaning I say meaning here I don't mean it in the linguistic sense it's not like what did that sentence mean but it's more in the
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existential sense is there meaning in life I'm not to answer that question but humans are the source of meaning and how do computers and computer interactions
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play a role in that dimension so I want to look at ways that people use the computing in finding a larger meaning so what do people do or you might ask more relevantly Who am I I went to my
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identity you said who are you notice this famous cartoon and most you've probably seen over the years this says on the internet nobody knows you're a dog right now what's the point the
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point is Who I am has for millions of years been associated with the physical body been associated with me personally having face-to-face interaction now all of a sudden Who I am is something that
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can be detached from that Who I am again cliff had a lot of good things leading into this is how much celebrity I have right so personal identity my identity
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is no longer just me and the people I meet it's me in some way that's filtered through social media have a social identity okay this is just
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one example this actually is a blog by my daughter people put up blogs and they have create whole identities whole worlds of who they are by who blogs with them or who listens to their tweets
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right it's an identity which is very real I mean motional II it's very real to the people who do it it's very different from the personal identity of who you are to your family and friends part of
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that again getting back this issue of celebrity is fame and fortune part of it is connecting to family and friends okay so part of my identity is being a grandparent and technology plays a role
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in that too okay here here is grandparents reading a bedtime story right and of course reading a bedtime story in today's world of Skype is somewhat different potentially but it sure makes a big difference for
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grandparents who are 3,000 miles away from the sleepy kids right so the point here is that when you say what is an interesting or relevant or valuable computer human activity or interaction
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it gets back to what is it that gives people meaning in their lives alright pick a different one community in society I was engaged many many years ago in something called computer professionals for social responsibility
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which is saying taking care that we don't all blow ourselves up today the equivalent would be that we don't all burn ourselves off the planet is something that's important and that has ramifications in computer interaction
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I'm currently one of the faculty members in a program here at Stanford called program on liberation technology in which we're looking at ways that computer technologies and communication technologies can be applied to to put it
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in the terms of the group democracy development and the rule of law or part of the Center for that and trying to understand not just what are the devices do but what are the what's the whole social context what's the whole
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political context of that so tonight we are going to hear a really interesting talk about that I hope Larry is a fascinating guy so I have very high expectations for for what he'll say he
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was here at Stanford before he unfortunately went to a smaller school in the East so okay so I've got through computer and human interaction I wanted
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to add one more dimension because when I talk in our courses here it doesn't say course in human-computer interaction it says course in human-computer interaction design what's design so design is not styling
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you know it's not what interior designers or interior decorators to do this is one of my interest is the past a guy named Henry Dreyfuss back 50 years ago more now wrote a book called
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designing for people and the point was that there are ways of thinking about design which lead you to building things that are human centered okay so human centered design as opposed to technology
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centered which can lead to other things but in sort of how do you make this thing work versus how do you relate it to people it's a process it's how you make things fit all that stuff I was just talking about I edit a book called
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designing bringing design to software which we took this a review talk to designers from a wide variety of fields including typography design mechanical design architecture and looked at how that might give you a different
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perspective from software engineering which doesn't take a human centered point of view in the past few years I've been engaged in a group here at Stanford how many of you know who this is
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you should how many of you saw him on 60 minutes this week I missed that I was away I'm gonna go see it anyway David Kelley who founded I do design company has was also the main person in founding something called the
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D school here at Stanford where our whole process is oriented towards getting students to be skilled in designing and the metaphor we use is what we call a t-shape student depth is
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an analytical thinking you could have depth in linguistics and mechanical whatever it is that's what you learned in most of your courses at Stanford that's what Stanford is great at and Design Thinking which cuts across is how
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do you integrate that depth with all the other things that need to be there to make things really work for people there are no technologies that you just take one of these fields that it gives you all the answers all right you clearly have to understand
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how to integrate it we do that in our teaching by having people do projects and I've been involved for several years now with a course where students do projects in Nairobi Kenya applying simple communications technologies to
00:37:29
problems like helping people find water I'll come back to that in a second so here is a program this now is actually this they just entered a major pilot study phase this year they're deploying
00:37:41
it in several different areas they're doing actually a controlled study areas where it's been deployed and hasn't the idea is that water is not easily available there people spend a lot of time walking around with these water
00:37:53
cans to find places where it's currently available and by giving them a simple iPhone iPhone dumb phone feature phone not smart phone app they can have people
00:38:05
who have sources of water currently registered them people who are looking for them find them and avoid all of the walking around and try to find it plus adding any information about water quality and there's a whole set of
00:38:18
complex social issues that come up with that it's one of the things we teach in the course is coming up with an app isn't the answer coming up with an app gives you the opportunity now to understand the social political issues that it raises what's the motivation for
00:38:31
the water vendors to do this who keeps track of whether it actually is good quality or not and so on and so on who pays so I think one of the big questions here is how do we design right
00:38:43
not what it's not an analytic look at what is interaction but rather an act an action or in a look at how do we design interaction and again this has always been a strong point of media X you're
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gonna hear Larry lifer who has been the Guru of design here for many many years has a whole Center called a center for design research you heard from Paulo this morning who is saying if you give kids the chance to actually design
00:39:09
they'll learn in a very different and stronger way than if you try to put knowledge in their heads so I think again I mean let me go back and repeat what I said at the beginning
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when I went through and did this whole sort of spectrum of what are people doing it was just very impressive to me how much of that spectrum is there in the different things that are being done
00:39:33
at CSL I know at CSI it's hit media X now and that have done in the past so with that it was been great to be part of this and to be part of the celebration today
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