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have you ever stopped to think about just how much the humble shipping container has completely and utterly transformed our modern world think about it though we're so used to seeing these things everywhere that we sort of
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Overlook them they are the logistical backbone of our modern society they transport everything from car parts and computer components to frozen meats and Lego bricks and they can be found in every city and every part of the world
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transporting materials and when they're lifespan is a method of transportation is over an entire economy has evolved adapting these simple robust steel boxes into houses office blocks and sheds just
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like this one as you can see I've turned this old shipping container into my new workshop I actually had this delivered here in the back of a lorry a couple of weeks back a perfect place to keep my 100 000 subscriber plaque and my collection of
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Jerry cans and various things but I've always been somewhat fascinated by shipping containers the effects that container shipping has had on the global economy on the way that our society operates is so complex and far-reaching
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that I think it's sometimes very much hard for us to appreciate the container on its own is a relatively simple metal box but when used as part of a vast interconnected and efficient Transportation Network it has made the
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costs of worldwide shipping so simple and so cheap that for many Supply chains and companies and businesses the distances involved in shipping mean almost nothing and the costs of Transportation have become almost nil
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the story of how these simple metal boxes came to be such a key part of our society is fascinating but even more interesting is in a world in which our global economy can grind to a halt based on one single container ship blocking up
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the Suez Canal where is our over-reliance on these containers leading us this is the story of how the container took over the world this is the Hawaiian farmer the farmer
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is now taking on cargo for her return to San Francisco several thousand tons of canned pineapple are stowed below the after day into a forward hatch go sacks of coffee beans of most interest to the
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crew are the animals of a circus that has toured the islands and is returning to the mainland just 40 to 50 years ago the concept of containers and container shipping was a small and Niche Enterprise in the world of cargo
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Transportation rather than loading or unloading pre-filled containers cargo ships arriving at dock yards and ports around the world to discourage their goods or load up for a journey would fill their holes with the loose invadied
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Arrangements of whatever was needing to be shipped in ways that had changed little over the centuries this method of transportation known as brake bulk cargo however was riddled with inefficiencies
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and delays Brave bulk means exactly what it sounds like that shipments were broken down into small units small packages a typical vessel sailing the
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North Atlantic back in the mid-1950s would carry perhaps a quarter million separate items I'm talking about wooden crates straight from Factory bales of
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cotton barrels bags this is Economist and historian Mark Levinson my name is Mark Levinson who has literally written the book on the shipping container called The Box how the shipping container made the world smaller and the
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world economy bigger Mark kindly agreed to talk to me about the history of the containers development and the impact that it's had on our modern world break both shipping tended to be slow a vessel could spend a week or more at the dock
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being unloaded and reloaded as each of the individual items in the hole had to be removed and then each of the individual outgoing items had to be stowed away in the hold so the process
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was quite slow there was a lot of cargo damage there was a lot of cargo theft as a result of this international shipping was really quite expensive and a lot of goods didn't get traded because it
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wasn't worth it to pay those costs some of the best Insight we have into the inefficiencies in brake bulk cargo was in the form of this report the SS Warrior conducted by the U.S government in 1954 and this was essentially a
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groundbreaking productivity report that looked at every single aspect of a typical cargo ship's journey in this case being the SS Warrior leaving from New York and sailing to Germany with a mixed cargo of everything from
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foodstuffs and Commercial items to whole vehicles and mail and everything in between now the SS Warrior was a C2 class ship you can actually see it here the C2 class were a form of cargo vessel that were designed and built before the
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second world war state-of-the-art for the time very efficient had better crew quarters and all sorts you can actually see here a plan of them and you can see three holds aft you've got your bridge and accommodation at midships and then you've got your three holds up forward
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and then well in this case four mass that would have been used for either raising or lowering Cargo in and out of the different holes now in the case of the SS Warrior she was carrying about 5 000 tons of mixed cargo but the most
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fascinating thing in the report was this table the cargo aboard the warrior and it's broken down not by the items but how the items were packaged cases cartons and bags boxes bundles and packages you can see it's even broken
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down here by drum can and Barrel entire wheeled Vehicles was 53 just whole vehicles loaded into this and then things like undetermined 1525. now it's also important to note
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that all of these different packages all would have varied in size and shape too there was no defined shape of a carton there was no defined weight or size of a drum or a can or a barrel and all of these things would have to be handled
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individually and packed into the hold now out of that 5 000 tons it made up in total 194 582 individual items they would all have
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to be found a place for in those six holds and remember all of those items were arriving at that Brooklyn dockyard for up to a month before the ship actually sailed so we have about one and
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a half thousand separate deliveries to the dockyard from 151 or 152 different cities and then they are all being offloaded off the trains or carts or lorries whatever it is delivering them to the dark side they're being removed
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by hand packaged onto pallets and stored in a warehouse but of course we're not shipping them in the pallets what would happen is those items would then have to be removed from the pallets and repacked into the holes and then all held in place with as the report details
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thousands of dollars worth of Dunwich but essentially wood and rope to keep it all secure this would have been long back braking and unbelievably dangerous work for these longshoremen packing the
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holes with all these unusual items at one moment you could be carrying bags of coal the next moment that same longshoreman could be trying to pack Faberge eggs into a small part of the hold as well you have to ensure that they didn't shift underway you had to
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make sure nothing was falling or breaking it was unbelievably difficult but more importantly time consuming and expensive work it took about six days to actually fill this hole with teams of
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longshoremen working throughout the day it took about 11 and a half days to actually go across the Atlantic and it took about six or four days to actually unload it all in Germany now about 11.5 percent the total cost of actually
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shipping all of those materials was the sailing itself the trip across the Atlantic almost 40 percent was just the work on the dock sites themselves and the report itself clearly wasn't very
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happy with this um in Mark's book you can actually see the conclusion that was drawn by the authors perhaps the remedy lies in discovering ways of packaging moving and storing Cargo in such a way that brake bulk is avoided they ruled
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but that's the million dollar question how do you replace brake bulk cargo it was the way things had been done for hundreds if not thousands of years well it turns out the answer would come from somebody who had no experience in the
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maritime industry at the time and his name was Malcolm McLean Malcolm McLean was a road hauler he'd over time built a very large trucking company in the United States he became worried in the
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early 1950s because there was an automotive boom in the United States there were a lot more cars on the road this was slowing down his Lords and he thought that maybe if he were able to
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put his trucks onto a ship and carry them down the Atlantic coast that he'd have lower costs and more reliable delivery pretty soon became clear that this idea didn't make sense of driving
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these trucks onto the ship took up a lot of space so through his own development he came to the idea that maybe you should just take the cargo compartment off the the Lorry and this is what he did uh with the first container Voyage
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in April 1956. as a concept and method of transportation McLean's idea of utilizing containers pre-filled and ready to be loaded onto ships was nothing new in fact numerous Enterprises from train lines and shipping companies
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had experimented with containerization over the years however the lack of standardization and systems in place to handle containers meant they offered few advantages oftentimes containers would still have to be loaded by hand stacked
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at loose Cargo in awkwardly shaped holes and few lotties or trains were ready to accommodate or carry them often forcing the containers to be hand loaded and unloaded at dockyards further adding to delays and costs McLean's Vision
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revolutionary at the time was that of an efficient system built entirely around the container Lu use brake bolt cargo would be done away with containers would be lifted onto and off ships with the use of cranes to avoid gangs of
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longshoremen and perhaps most importantly McLean's containers would work interchangeably with ships trucks or trains to create his perfect container and the system that would support it in early 1955 McLean found
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Keith tatlinger tatlinger was an engineer who had a 1949 designed what was in essence the world's first modern shipping container a 30-foot long aluminum box that could be stacked too
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high for use on either ships trucks or trains but it had seen little uptake in the transportation industry McLean however clearly saw the potential in his designs and outlined to tattling are his plans the ships of his new pan-atlantic
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steamship Corporation would be converted from World War II era T2 oil tankers but built with a new framework above the deck where containers could be loaded and offloaded by Crane and most
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importantly safely locked in place for Transit another innovation came in the form of loading most cargo ships of the time had winches in place on board for both loading and removing the cargo but handling such large and heavy containers
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would destabilize the ship instead McLean had two large revolving cranes from a disused shipyard sent to Houston and Newark where the ships would sail from meaning all loading could be conducted using shoreside cranes that
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could easily hook onto the containers for quicker loading and removal finally ready for service on the 26th of April 1956 McLean and his Executives and a few gathered dignitaries watched from the
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New York Dockside as the ideal X their new strange converted oil tanker was loaded with tatlinger's newly designed aluminum containers now fitted with corner pieces that could lock the containers in place on Deck it had been
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months of negotiation with the government officials to approve both pan-atlantic's new shipping route and the unusual design of the ship however the results were immediate the idlx was loaded in less than eight hours and set
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sail that's same day in a world still dominated by the slow toil of break belt cargo it was almost unheard of but for McLean the greatest Vindication for his ambitious plans would come in the form
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of the costs in 1956 loading the loose brake bulk Cargo in a similarly sized ship cost 5.83 per ton for the journey on the idealx it cost just under 16
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cents McLean had cracked the code he understood that rather than adapting the container to suit the industry it was the industry and its entirety that would have to adapt trucks trains and ships ports and dockyards would all have to
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fit the container not the other way around the era of the container had officially arrived and for those who didn't adapt in time they would find themselves very quickly being left behind before we dive back into the exciting
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drama of the shipping container a quick thanks to my awesome sponsor this month War Thunder now if you've already watched my previous video on the German rescue boys then you've heard me talk about the reasons that I love War Thunder with its immersive PVP combat
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series X or sps5 you name it thanks again War Thunder and let's get back to the rise of the shipping container spreads along the entire Atlantic and Gulf coasts in the first week to walk
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out by sixty thousand duckers cost the nation over 100 million the docker's rejection of the new contract seems to stem from fear of automation just as in the prolonged strike two years ago that cost the country an estimated one
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billion while the container was no overnight success as the years went on containerization became harder and harder to ignore for Freight businesses fighting to compete and for both harbors and longshoremen who feared the vast
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changes that the container system would usher in historical Harbors in America and Europe were simply not suitable for the requirements of large container shipping and before they knew it their centuries-old Industries had found themselves sidelined and abandoned
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traditionally ports had been located in the center of major cities in most cases the city had grown up around the port so you had this whole what we call today an ecosystem you'd have the docks in the
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center city you had the neighborhoods where the Dock Workers lived close at hand and you had many of the industries right close at hand when container shipping came along it almost instantly made all of this obsolete in places like
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London and San Francisco and New York the port simply moved in the UK there was a new court created at Felix Stowe and most of the port activity in London
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just went away these docks which had been there in some cases for hundreds of years just closed off and many of these neighborhoods East London included sank into depression for a prolonged period
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of time before new kinds of economic activities developed containerization was bringing rapid and Earth moving change everywhere it went however the growth of container shipping and the rush to adapt by numerous companies and
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organizations was risking the container becoming just as complex and inefficient as the method it was beginning to replace McLean had originally insisted on his pan-atlantic Corporation later to be renamed sea land containers to be 33
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foot long a requirement dictated by the space available on the P2 oil tankers they had originally converted just a year after the ideal exit sailed for the first time however McLean intended to bring in a series of C2 type cargo
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vessels converted to hold a honeycomb of cells that could carry up to 226 containers four times that of the idealx as a result new 35 foot long containers slightly longer and with Corner locking
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Imports designed to be better stacked and secured together were created other companies such as the Max and navigation company design containers to be used on their mixed brake bulk and container services running to Hawaii measuring 24
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feet long at the same time the US Army had been experimenting and seeing success with their smaller container Express or context boxes during the Korean war in Europe containers were typically made with wooden planks and
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steel reinforcement in America steel or aluminum was commonplace some could be moved with cranes and hooks some stacked some locked in place some shifted with forklift it was becoming a logistical
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nightmare the key development in Intermodal Transportation as we call it today was standardization and this challenge starting in the late 1950s set
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off 10 years of negotiation I regard the people who engaged in this process as the unsung heroes of containerization if you can imagine spending 10 years
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sitting in smoke-filled rooms arguing about things like how thick should the end wall of a container be that's what we saw going on the industry agreed that the standard container sizes would be 20
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feet and 40 feet we still have the standard 40 foot container today they also agreed on what's known as the corner fitting if you look at a container there are eight pieces of
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Steel one on each corner of the the box and there's a hole in it in each of those pieces of Steel and that's how the container can be lifted by a crane or can be attached to other containers
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through a fitting that goes into that hole but once that was standardized with a 40 foot box then any container could be lifted in any port anywhere in the world and now it made sense to invest in
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container ships now if you were a manufacturer you could put your goods into a container and be very confident that it was going to be handled at the other end of the voyage it was this slow but steady adoption of universal
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standardization within the industry that eventually grew the container trade into the vast scale that we see today by 1980 containers were able to move around 11 million tons of cargo a large but still
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Niche proportion of how most General cargo at the time was being transported by 2022 that same number is as high as 2.82 billion and over 90 percent of non-bulk cargo worldwide is transported
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by container ships the container itself despite the many revisions and changes over the years looks remarkably similar to those first aluminum boxes loaded onto the idlx in 1956. the idlx was only
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ever intended to carry containers on her open deck lashed side by side however as more conventional cargo ships including the famous SS Warrior were converted into container ships increasing capacity was made beneath the decks modern
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container ship capacity is measured in 20 foot equivalent units or teus the agreed ISO standard for a 20-foot long container ideal X could carry 58 33 foot
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containers giving her a sub 100 teu capacity by modern standards however Malcolm McLean's successor ships quickly upped that number to 228. by 1971 the Liverpool Bay was launched with a
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capacity of 2961 teu in 1985 the American New York carried 4 614 by 1997 this sovereignersk came into
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service almost doubling the New York with a whopping 8160 teu capacity then came the Emma mursk at 14 770 the cscl globe at 19 000 and the
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oocl Hong Kong at 21 413. in 2022 the 400 meter long ever a lot came into service capable of carrying a staggering 24
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0004 20-foot containers the scale of modern container ships and the economy that they represent is immense especially compared to the early experiments with McLean's ideal X but it's this size and scale that's creating
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strain within the very system that allowed the container ship to grow so large in the first place on the 23rd of March 2021 the ever given a 20 000 teu container ship found Itself buffeted by
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strong winds on a Passage through the Suez Canal soon the bridge lost control of the mass of 265 000 ton ship and it ran aground pooling the stern around and entirely blocking
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the channel to traffic it would take six days before the ever given could be freed but the ramifications of the incident went far beyond a few days delay billions of pounds of cargo found itself caught up in ports at sea or on
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either end of the canal ships delayed by the ever given were now arriving late or at the same time as each other creating chaos at ports as containers and goods piled up but the issue that the ever-given incident represented was that
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the container ship was simply becoming so large so unwieldy that much of the infrastructure around them is struggling to cope a lot of the decisions to build Supply chains were really based on
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production costs and transport costs the transport costs internationally were very low thanks to the consumer and so companies would say well we're paying someone five pounds an hour to do this
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in the UK but for the equivalent of a pound fifty somebody can do it in China and add in a few pens for shipping costs and we can land the stuff in the UK for a third as much as it would take to
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produce it here okay and this accounting which was really based simply on on wage differences didn't take into account risk risk here became a greater and greater problem as the supply chains
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became more and more complex a company might have a supplier three or four or five links down in supply chain in other words a company that headquarters had never heard of that may made something
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that went into this That Was Then incorporated into that which went into this component which finally went into the assembled product and this the situation with risk became worse as the
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ship lines built bigger and bigger ships many people in the shipping industry believe that ships have gotten too large it doesn't make sense anymore to have a ship that can carry 24
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000 to 20-foot containers it takes too long to unload it's not flexible there are a lot of ports that can't handle a vessel of that size so this really led to some Retreat from
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the globalization of manufacturing this was already happening before covid-19 came along as companies properly assessed the risks they saw that maybe some of these Supply chains didn't make
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so much sense the growth in international trade in Goods has been slower than the growth of the world economy for a number of years now except during the
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pandemic in 2021 and I would expect that that's going to continue I think we're going to continue to have a significant amount of international trade globalization isn't going away but more and more globalization really has
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to do with moving digits not with moving physical manufactured goods in many ways the impact of the container is a matter of interpretation a lens from which we see numerous viewpoints to many it
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represents the crowning achievement of globalization standardization and cooperation a movement which has helped make the world smaller and accessibility of products wider to everyone to some the container is historical and cultural
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change an item that revolutionized an ancient industry but in the process destroyed a rich culture with Automation and efficiency and to others it's the perfect symbol of our consumerist society one of wastefulness and
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disposability and environmental damage of exploitation of low-wage markets brought about by the rise of cheap global trade it's this breadth of feelings and opinions on a simple metal box that highlights its impact one that
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has brought historic change to everything that it has touched and helped create a world that would be unrecognizable to those just living 60 or 70 years ago while researching this video I actually
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went and stayed on the cap San Diego it's tied up in Hamburg and it's a German cargo liner you can actually see it here and some details about his renovation it's tied up now it does some cruises but it is essentially a floating hotel and of course that was the point
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with a cargo liner the idea was uh you had your regular holds that you could fill up in a brake bulk Manner and then there was quite a luxurious uh accommodation block with uh in the case of the cap San Diego there's a swimming pool and a bar and it's sort of in my
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opinion anyway the Pinnacle of cargo ship design before the age of the container and the reason I bring it up I think it's quite fascinating because there's another book that I have here called the ship by
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Bjorn landstrom and this is a book that was made again in the early 1960s and this book is the most exhaustive history um that I I've ever read on our human Maritime history it goes all the way
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from Roman times and Egyptian queen creams uh uh Japanese junk Spanish galleons there's World War II battleships there's obviously the most famous vessel the inflatable Pig but
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what's fascinating is there's a whole section here at the end all about cargo ships but what's interesting is they don't mention containers uh it's completely absent and it's remarkable to me and I think it's quite telling
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because it really shows how slowly then quickly the container ship basically completely took over and I think what's quite fascinating is you can actually see lovely breakdown of what basically older uh breakbot cargo ships were like
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uh their sections here about cargo liners you can see there's different designs some here I believe are French Swedish German vessels very similar to the cap San Diego that I stayed on but it's amazing to think that when this
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book was written by Bjorn landstrom in the 1960s the container still hadn't reached the standardization phase there was still men in Smoky rooms arguing about Corner fittings and various things like that but only a couple of decades
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later these things would be consigned to the history books and the container ship would take over almost completely and you know this isn't to say that we're looking at containers now and in 40 years time there's going to be a
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completely new method of transportation but at the same time somebody on that dockyard in New York or New Jersey in the 1950s or 60s was probably saying that about containers so it's it's
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really interesting this book was actually sent to me by a friend just before I started recording this video and I thought it was just perfect I I basically opened it up the first time to this page saw the cap San Diego which I'd stayed on this isn't the cap San
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Diego it's a very similar ship and I thought it was just a really really um interesting piece of history uh especially I think the absence of the containership in this book anyway thank
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you very much for watching that um this was a very difficult subject for me to cover because there's so much and there's so much I had to cut there's so much that I wanted to talk about but the issue I had was that I didn't feel I
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knew enough about it there's a big difference between reporting on like history and the history of small objects and Niche subject and then there's something as big as Global economies and
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you know that's a difficult thing to talk about and that's why the biggest thanks in the world has to go to Mark uh Mark agreed to sit down and talk to me I mean Mark has written the Box he's also written a new book called outside the
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box which deals with sort of the all of the the new aspects the global trade uh as a result of the last couple of years that we've been living through uh but for him to basically you know read my email out the blue agreed to sit down
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and chat to me and and give me such an amazing insight into this world and this entire video wouldn't have been possible without him I hope you guys liked uh having the the switch between the two of us but I felt there was a lot of stuff he was saying that that felt a lot
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better just coming from him I could have just written down what he'd say and then re you know said it myself as I knew what I was talking about but I thought Let's uh let's hear from the madams and I would really recommend his book um it's it's truly fascinating I was
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reading his book as we were traveling around Europe this year and that's when I got the idea to go to Hamburg to visit the cap San Diego and um it was really buying my container that you saw at the start of the video that that gave me the idea to do this but like all things you
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end up falling down this Rabbit Hole of exploring every single part the history of it um so yeah amazing fun if you guys like that interview I might actually put the full interview up on my patreon there's a few questions that we didn't talk
00:29:04
about there's a few things that we shortened down we talked for about an hour um so I might actually put the entire interview up on my patreon page if you're interested in that and obviously that's an amazing way um to support my work it pays for a lot
00:29:16
of these materials and various things that I'm buying you know it costs eight because it costs 80 pounds to buy an ISO standard I went to buy one of there's dozens that control you know containers
00:29:27
this is ISO 668 series one Freight containers classification when I put this in my basket on the ISO standards website I thought it was eight pounds and it was like 90 quid it was like 88 pounds I couldn't believe it so um this
00:29:41
is what the patrons uh pay for I never even used it properly in the video but I'm not gonna I'm not gonna I'm gonna get into the cost of isos but but still um really really appreciate your support as always and also my sponsor War
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Thunder thanks uh again um for for supporting and also um I I have wasted quite a lot of time this month playing War Thunder when I should have been researching this video um but it's great you know you could
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play War Thunder for free on Mac on laptops on your PC your well I've got PS5 uh I love just being able to switch between them I'd like to actually maybe get a as a steam deck I've been seeing
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those um I wouldn't mind playing playing a game on that uh but anyway if you would like to play water or thunder for yourself look at the link in the description below uh if you'd like to play with me uh water Thunder have a
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look at the Discord um I'll leave that down there below as well try and get a game organized I am pretty busy but we'll try and get something organized and a big thank you to everyone who has watched and and supported um my videos I must just one
00:30:47
note my previous video uh which is on the uh the German rescue boys has done unbelievably well it's the the most popular video I've ever made um in terms of the you know how quickly uh it just blew up and I don't really
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know why but all I want to say is thank you thank you very much and thank you also for 100 000 subscribers I I don't ever like to talk about these Milestones very much because I think they just clog stuff up but I I appreciate you guys a
00:31:13
lot so uh thank you very much I'm gonna go now put away all these books because I have been Gathering books and models of containers and various things like that if you're interested I'll leave a link to that model of the container that you saw as well I'll leave a link to that below I got it on eBay
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um and you can get them in different names and colors that was meant to be a sea Land one but the guy accidentally sent me a mursk one which annoyed me slightly because it's meant to me you know sea land it's meant to be the the what the Malcolm McLean what that anyway
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you can't control every prop and stuff but uh yeah thank you very much for watching and we'll see you later bye-bye
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